ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช

ืžืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง: ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืจืชืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื”

ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืžืืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”. ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื“ืœืง ืคื—ืžื ื™ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ (ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ, ืกื•ืœืจ, ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืคื—ื) ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ื”ืžืกืช ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืื–ืœ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื’ืจื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืœื“ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื™ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื“ื—ืคื• ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช "ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช" ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื ืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ึถืชืงื ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื•ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื”. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืึถื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”, ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื.

ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ื™?

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช. ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช (ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืœืžื“ื™) ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื–ื”. ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื ืจื’ื™ื”" (Energy) ื”ื•ืฉืืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืึถื ืจึถื’ึดื™ึผึธื” (Energeia) ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื• ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 19- ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืชื•ืžืก ื™ืื ื’ (Young) ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื "ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช" – ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.

ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื”ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื• ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉื "ืื ืจื’ื™ื”", ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืžืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืžื” ื”ืชืืจื™ืš, ื”ืฉืขื” ืื• ื”ื“ืงื”…

ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ืœืœื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืืช ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืืช ืžื˜ืขื ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืชืช-ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื "ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”", ื•ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืืจืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช; ื–ื• ื”ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืืกื” (ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ( ื ืงืจืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช; ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืื• ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื ืงืจื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืกืš ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื•ืœืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืžื”, ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืืš ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ื” (ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช) ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ื›ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืœืง (ืžื–ื•ื˜, ืคื—ื ืื• ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™) ืžื•ืžืจืช ืœื—ื•ื (ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืจึตืคื” ืขื ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ) ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ. ืœืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื™ื ืžื• ืฉืžืคื™ืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื.

ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืช

ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจื™ืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ืื™ื•ืจ 1ื, ื™ืžื™ืŸ). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื™ืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื•ืžืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื•ื ืฉืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” )ืื™ื•ืจ 1ื‘, ืฉืžืืœ) ื”ืคืจืฉ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ืžื™.

ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ื›ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืžืจืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ื, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืงื ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื: ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง. ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืืœืกื ื“ืจื• ื•ื•ืœื˜ื” (Volta) ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 200- ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื. ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ืžื•ื›ึผืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืœ. ืืš ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชืื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.

ืื™ื•ืจ 1 – ืกื›ื™ืžืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
ื, ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
ื‘, ืฉืžืืœ. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื“ืคืช ืชืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.

ืื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืกื•ืœืœื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช?

ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช (ืชื) ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืื’ื•ืจื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžื™ืจื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื”. ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช (ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื). ืื™ื•ืจ 2 ืžืชืืจ ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืกื•ืœืœื” ื ื˜ืขื ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื ืงืจื ืกื•ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืŸ-ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื. ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช (ืงื˜ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื”). ื”ืื ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ("ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืก" ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื”( ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงืชื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ("ื”ืคืœื•ืก").

ื›ื™ื•ื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืชื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ 2 ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืŸ-ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื, ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ืื ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืฅ ื•ืขื•ืคืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื. ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืงืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ืžื ื’ืŸ (Manganese Oxide), ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืœื˜ ืื•ืงืกื™ื“ (LiCoO2) ื•ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ืขื•ืคืจืช (PbO2). ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ื“ื” ืœืงืชื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜, ื”ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืกืคืจื˜ื•ืจ.

ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜. ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชื—ืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื” ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื (ืœืœื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื). ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜, ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœื ืžืืคืฉืจ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื“ืจื›ื•.

ืื™ื•ืจ 2. ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™) ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื”ืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜, ื•ื–ืจื ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื–ืจื ืžื™ื’ืจึทืฆื™ื”. ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชืžื™ืกื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช (ืžื™ืžื™ืช ืื• ืืœ-ืžื™ืžื™ืช) ืื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’'ืœ (gel). ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืื™ ื™ื•ืŸ-ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื•ืช ืืœ-ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืœื—ื™ ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื. ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืชืžื™ืกืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืืจื– ืกื’ื•ืจ ื”ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื“ืœื™ืคื”, ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืื• ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืื™ื•ืจ 3 ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช.

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืŸ-ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื, ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืžืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื—ืฉืžืœ (ืจืื• ืื™ื•ืจ 2), ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืื ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืงืชื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืื ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ (ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ). ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืชื•ื“ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜, ื•ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงืชื•ื“ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, "ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ". ื”ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืชื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืขื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื). ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ (ืœื›ื™ื“ื”) ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืงืชื•ื“ื”. ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืžืกืคืงืช.

ืื™ื•ืจ 3.
ื, ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืกื•ืœืœื” ื’ืœื™ืœื™ืช. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื•ืœืœื” ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืจื“ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืชื•ื“ื” โ€“ ื—ื•ืฆืฅ (ืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜) โ€“ ืื ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืช "ืจื•ืœื“ื”" ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
ื‘, ืฉืžืืœ. ืกื•ืœืœืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื•ื›ื•'.

ืื—ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืœื ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืœืœืช ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื, ืฉื‘ื” ืจื“ื™ื“ ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืชื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืื ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœืงืืœื™ื•ืช (ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช). ื”ื•ื ืงืœ ืžืฉืงืœ, ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื) ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืžืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื—ืฉืžืœ. ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืŸ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื™ื•ืŸ-ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืฉืื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ. ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืชื™, ืืœื ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ืคื—ืžื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื” (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ ืื• ืคื—ื). ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื ืžื”ืื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ (ืคืจื™ืงื”) ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ ืœืงืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืœื˜ ืื•ืงืกื™ื“. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžื”ืื ื•ื“ื” ืœืงืชื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืŸ-ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืคื•ืš) ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื” ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืงืชื•ื“ื” ื•/ืื• ื‘ืื ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช. ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื‘ืกื•ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืŸ-ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื "ืื•ืจื—" ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื— ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืžืชื— ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” (ื”ืฉืงืขืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช) ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืžื”ืงืชื•ื“ื” ืœืื ื•ื“ื” (ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜), ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ืจ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืœื›ื™ืžื™ืช) ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื”.

ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืŸ-ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื ื˜ืขื ืช ื ืงืจื ืกื•ืœืœืช ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชืžื™ืกื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื’'ืœ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’'ืœ ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืœื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืจื™ื–ื” ื”ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจื“ื™ื“ ืžืชื›ืช ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืจื“ื™ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ. ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืงืœื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืกื•ืœืœื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™ ื—ื›ื (ืื™ื•ืจ 4).

ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ื”ืกืคืง (ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ), ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื ืคื—, ืชื—ื•ื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื”. ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื”. ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืžืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ืช ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 85% ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื’ื•ืจื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœ85%-, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจ ื”15%- ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื.

ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื ืžื“ื“ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื” (ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืกืคืง ืฉืœ ื•ืื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื”). ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืคืจ-ืฉืขื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ. ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืื• ื‘ืงื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื‘, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืคื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืกื•ืœืœื” ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืกืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื ืคื—. ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ื ืคื—, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืกื•ืœืœื” ื ื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืกืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืฉืงืœ.

ืื™ื•ืจ 4.
ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™ ื—ื›ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืœื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช EMUE.

ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื‘ืชืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ื ื˜ืขื ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืขื ื” – ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ – ื‘ื”ืชืงืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉืžืžื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช: ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง. ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืกื•ืœืœื”, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ืื™ื ื” ืื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืœื ืžื•ื–ื ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื“ืœืง ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™) ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื•ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืช.

ืชืื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™: ืžื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืืจืช ืขืจื™ื

ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื‘ื‘ืœืื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื” ืœืœื ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืžืงื ื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืชืื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื”ืกืคืงื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื”-ื•ืื˜ื™ื (ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืื˜) ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื: ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช (ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช) ื•ืขื“ ืœืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ืœืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืขืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช! ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื”ื ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ 5.

ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืงืฆืจ: ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง" (Fuel Cell) ื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื”ืžืฆืื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 170 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1839 , ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื™ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ (Schรถnbein)
ืขืœ ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’ืจื•ื‘ (Grove) ืืช ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื ื” "ืกื•ืœืœืช ื’ื–". ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื—ืงื• ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”20- ื ื›ื ืก ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ืœืฉื•ืง, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžืกื—ืจื™. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช (ื ืืก"ื), ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื’'ื ืจืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง, ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชื ื“ืœืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื’'ืžื™ื ื™.

ืืžื‘ืจื’ื• ื”ื ืคื˜ ื‘1973- ื“ื—ืฃ ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื. ืžืื– ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžื’ืžืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื“ืื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.

ืื™ื•ืจ 5. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•/ืื• ืคื—ืžื™ืžืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืงืชื•ื“ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืžื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื—ืจ.

ืžื‘ื ื” ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง

ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง, ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ื”ืกืคืงื, ืื•ืœื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื, ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืง ืœืชื ื™ื›ื™ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ.

ืื™ื•ืจ 6 ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ื“ืœืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžืกื•ื’ ืคื"ืž

(PEM, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane). ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื ืื ื•ื“ื”, ืฉืืœื™ื” ืžืกื•ืคืง ืžื™ืžืŸ; ืงืชื•ื“ื”, ืฉืืœื™ื” ืžืกื•ืคืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ; ื•ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ, ืืš ืœื ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื” (ืจืื• ืžืกื’ืจืช). ื”ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืงืชื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื–ืจื– (ืงื˜ืœื™ื–ื˜ื•ืจ). ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื–, ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ-ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื›ืš ื”ื–ืจื ื‘ืชื ืขื•ืœื”. ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืจื– ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื. ื‘ืื ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืจื– ืžืื™ืฅ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืงืชื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืจื– ืžืื™ืฅ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืžื™ื.

ืื™ืš ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ?

ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ื ืžื ื•ืฆืœ ื‘ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžืคืœ ืžื™ื: ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืคืœ ื™ืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžืคืœ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื™ืชื ืคืฆื• ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืคืœ, ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชืชื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื•ืœ, ื—ื•ื ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ืžืงืฆืช ืžืžื ื” ื™ื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช ืื ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ึถืชืงืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ืคืœื• ืขื“ ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืคืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ืืœื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ื ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ืœืœื ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืช ื•ืžื•ืžืจืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื—ื•ื. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื–ื• ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื™ืžืกืจื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื™ืžื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืœืฆื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.

ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื–ืช

ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช: ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื ื•ื“ื” ืœืงืชื•ื“ื”, ืืš ืœื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื. ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื•ื’ ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื—ืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื ืืคื™ื•ืŸ (Nafion). ืœืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื (ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื) ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื™ื (ื“ื•ื—ื™ ืžื™ื), ื•ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื ื ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”. ื”ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื˜ืคืœื•ืŸ, ื•ืืœื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืคืจื™ืช ืชืœืช ื—ืžืฆื ื™ืช (SO-3), ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™. ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ืžืงื ื” ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”.

ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืขืœื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ (ืžื™ื’ืจืฆื™ื”) ื’ื•ืจืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช. ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื”ื—ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืงืชื•ื“ื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืžืžื‘ืจื ื”; ืื• ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืขื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืžื”ืื ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื•ื™ืžื ืขื• ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื.

ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื–ืช:

ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื–ืจื– (ืงื˜ืœื™ื–ื˜ื•ืจ) ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืื ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ (H2) ืœืฉื ื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื (+H) ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื (-e) ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื–ืจื– ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื’ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ื ืกืคื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื– ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื” ืœืžืกื•ืจ, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ื–ืจื– ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืชื•ื“ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ (O2) ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ืœืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื”ื ืกืคื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื–. ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื” (ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™) ืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืขื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืงืข ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื–ืจื–ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ื™ืงืจ.

ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืžืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ 6. ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื ืกืคื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื– ื•ืžืชืคืจืงืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ H+ ื•ืฉื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื .e- ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืš:

H2 ==> 2H+ + 2e-

ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื”ืื ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืงืชื•ื“ื”, ืฉื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื ื ืžื•ืš. ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื”, ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืจืง ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืš ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื”. ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืžืชืคืชื— ืžืชื— ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืขืจื›ื• ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื 1.23 ื•ื•ืœื˜. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื, ืื ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ื–ืจืžื• ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงืชื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืงืชื•ื“ื”, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื– ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืกืคื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื–. ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืขื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืื ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื›ืš:

O2 + 4H+ + 4e- ==> 2H2O

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืชื— ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืชื— ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื ืื—ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ (ืœืฉืจืฉืจ) ื›ืžื” ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื.

ืื™ื•ืจ 6. ืžื‘ื ื” ืชื ื“ืœืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžืกื•ื’ ืคื"ืž (Polymer Electrolyte (Membrane. ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื›-0.1 ืž"ืž.

ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘

ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื“ืœืง ืคื—ืžื ื™, ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื. ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืจื›ื‘.

ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืœืง ืฉืœ ื›40%- ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” (ืœืœื ื”ืืฆื”), ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื•ืœืœื” ื ื˜ืขื ืช ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ื—ืœืง ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื ืขื” ืœืจื›ื‘. ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื›ืจื’ืข ืžืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืจืง ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืœืง, ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ึนืจื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื: ืชื›ื•ืœืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื•ืžืฉืงืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืœื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื›-250 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช. ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื”, ืชื—ื•ื ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช, ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื•ืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœืช ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื ื˜ืขื ืช ืขื ื›2000-1000- ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื•ืคืจื™ืงื”.

ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช Better Place ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื™ ืื’ืกื™.
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืœืกืคืง ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื. ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœืจึทืฉึผึตืช ืืช ื—ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืขื’ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื˜ืขื ื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉืขื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื—ื ื•ืช ื“ืœืง) ืœื”ื—ืœืคื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช.

ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื”ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื–ืœ, ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช "ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜". ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื“ืœื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื•ืœื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ืื™ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืืœื ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคืงืช ื’ื– ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื. ื•ื›ืืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื•ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช: ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืžื•ื ืขื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ืกื” ื ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื™ืคืจืกื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืœืชื“ืœื•ืง ืžื™ืžืŸ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืžื•ื ืขื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื—ื ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™: ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืžืคืขืœ, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ืžื™ืžืŸ.

ืื™ื•ืจ 7.
ื. (ืœืžืขืœื”). ื”ื•ื ื“ื” FCX ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื™ืžืŸ. ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืœื™ื (ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื) ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจืš ืชืื™ ื”ื“ืœืง (ืฆื‘ืข ืœื‘ืŸ) ืืฉืจ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
ื‘. (ืœืžื˜ื”). ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜ ืืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืงืก (Equinox) ืžืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื™ืžืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื ืขื• ื›ืžืื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก, ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื’'ื ืจืœ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจืก ื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ืžืื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜ ืืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืงืก (Equinox) ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื (ืื™ื•ืจ 7). ื”ืฆืคื™ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื›ืฉื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ื™ืžื•ืžืฉื• ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื, ืืš ืงืฉื” ืœื ื‘ื ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื ืื›ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืชื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”.

ืžื™ืงืจื• ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง

ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืื• ื ื™ืงืœ, ืฉื ืชื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ืžืขื ื” ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“. ืืš ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืกื•ืœืœื”. ืขื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืกืœื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืžืœื•ืืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืช. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื›ื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื.

ืื™ื•ืจ 8.
ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืชื ื“ืœืง ืžืกื•ื’ (DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.

ืื™ื•ืจ 9.
ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืคื•ื’'ื™ื˜ืกื•:
ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง DMFC
18 ืกืž"ืง ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืขื ืช 3 ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื.

ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืฉื‘ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ื›ื“ืœืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™. ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื– ืžื™ืžืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ื™ืงืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื ื™ื™ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืก ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื’ืข ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ (ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชื ื“ืœืง ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื’ื ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ). ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื“ืœืง ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืชื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืชื ื•ืœ (CH3OH) ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื™ืžืŸ, ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช.

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืชื— ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืชื ื“ืœืง ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžืชื ื•ืœ (ืื• ื’ื ืžื›ื•ื”ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงื•ืœ) ืืฉืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืžืฉืš 6 ืฉืขื•ืช (ืื™ื•ืจ 8). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื•ืœื”, ืกืžืกื•ื ื’, ื• NEC-, ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืืจื™ ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื โ€” ืื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ โ€” ืœื”ื˜ืขื ืชื ืžืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.

ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื?

ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื” ืื• ื‘ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืจืช ืœื—ืฉืžืœ โ€” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื” ื™ื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“. ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ื ืžื•ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช ื”ืžืจืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœ100%- . ืื•ืœื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืชืงืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ื.

ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืœื ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”, ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž150- ืฉื ื”.

ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”19-, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืกืš ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื” (ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืื• ืœืชื•ื›ื”) ื ืฉืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืึถื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ื“ ืœืื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช. ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ โ€” ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืงื˜ืŸ (ื•ืจืื• ืžืกื’ืจืช).

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืืœื• ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื (ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื•ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช), ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื•. ืœืจื•ื‘, ืื ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื˜ื ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™. ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื›ืš ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ืื• ื”ืกื•ืœืœื”, ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื. ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™, ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœืชื”, ื›ืš ืฉืกืš ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช (ื”ืชื ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•) ืื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”? ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ืžื”ืชื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•! ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืฉืžืจ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื”, ืื–ื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ื—ื•ื ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” (ื•ืžื”ืกื•ืœืœื”) ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ 100 ืื—ื•ื–.

ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”

ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื (ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ). ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื–ื”).

ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื˜ืคื˜ืคื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืช ื“ื™ื• (ืื• ืชืจื›ื™ื– ืคื˜ืœ) ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื” ืœืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื. ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื™ื• ืชืฉืืจื ื” ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื–ืขื•ื. ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืก ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืก ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ ืžื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื•: ืื ื ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืก ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืœื ื ืฆืคื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืžืขืฆืžื” ืœืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ืคืจื“ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•. ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”, ืชืงืฃ ืจืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ืœื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืžื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ืกื’ื•ืจื”) ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.

ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœื—ื•ื. ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื, ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื”ื ืขื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืงืจืื™ืช (ื—ื•ื) ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช (ื”ื ืขื”) ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื ืฆื˜ืจืš "ืœืฉืœื" ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–ืช.

ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื ื•ืข ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช?

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื ื•ืข ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื”. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืกื ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื•. ืกืื“ื™ ืงืจื ื• (Sadi Carnot) ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื“ื’ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืฃ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื—ื•ื. ืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื (ืชื ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืข) ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืงืจ (ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจื›ื‘). ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื’ื–ื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื’ื–ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืžืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช. ื—ืกื ืงืจื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจืฃ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื•, ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื–ื”ื• ื—ืกื ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื”, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€” ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–.

ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืœืœ, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื•ืžืจืช ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื ื“ืœืง ืื• ืกื•ืœืœื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืžืจืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ืข ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื” ืื• ื‘ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืจืคื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื”.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ 10, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืœืง ืžื™ืžื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”: ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื“ืจืš ื“ื—ื™ืกืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื• ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ืขืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื– ื’ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ื• ื‘ื• ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื”.

ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื› 75%ืžืžืืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ื’ื– ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืง ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืœื—ืœืœ ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš (ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื–ื™ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื). ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืขื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืื• ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ (H2) ื›ื“ืœืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ.

ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื– ื“ืœื™ืง ื•ื ืคื™ืฅ, ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฆ'ืคืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 36 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ืœ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช1937 . ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื– ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืœืงื— ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื‘ืช ื’ื– ืžื™ืžืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื• ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื ืคื—ื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืชืœืงื—ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžืชืœืงื—. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืคืขืœื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื’ืจื”, ื•ืœืœื ืชืื•ื ื•ืช.

ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืข

ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืžืžื™ืจื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืžื ื•ืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.

ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื—ื•ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื ื•ืข ื”"ืฉื•ืื‘" ื—ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• (ืชื ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื”) ื•ืžืžื™ืจื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช. ื—ืกื ืงืจื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืชื ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก, ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช (ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ืกื ืงืจื ื•) ืชื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื›-70%. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื• ื›ื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ืข ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืœืง. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืžืžื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ื ืฉื ืคืœื˜ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืข ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœ 90%. ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ืœืœื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืื• ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื ื“ืœืง ืื• ืชื ืฉืžืฉ. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื ืฉืžืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื ืขื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ 5% ืœ- 20%, ืืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจื”. ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ืขื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ 50% ืœ- 70%, ืืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ!

ื”ืื ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืœืง ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?

ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืจืคื” ืื• ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจืง ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™) ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืœืง ื™ืจื•ืง ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืžืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.

ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืœืžื“ื™, ื•ื›ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื”ื ืคื˜ ืœืฉื ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ืžื’ืคืจื™ืช, ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืคื˜ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ืœืง ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืชื“ืœืง ื› 20- ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฆื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.

ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืžืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื ืคื˜. ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืคืœื˜ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืคื’ืข ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ โ€” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืœืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื•ืœืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื! ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.

ืื™ื•ืจ 10. ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” "ืžื”ืžืคืขืœ ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ืœื’ืœ".

ืื—ื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืงืช ื’ื– ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ื•ืžื–ื‘ืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืขืช ื’ื“ื™ืœืชื”, ืขื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”, ืกืคื’ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”. ื’ื–ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื” ื•ื›ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื™ื ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” "ื™ืจื•ืงื”", ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ืจืื•ืœื™ืช. ืืš ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.

ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ "ื ืงื™" ื•"ื™ืจื•ืง" ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.

ืžื™ืžืŸ โ€“ ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืœืง?

ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื™ืžืŸ ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ ื•ื™ืงืจ. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ 700 ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื• ืœืงืจืจื• ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืก 253 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก, ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื™ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื’ื ืžื ื‘ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื•ืคืง ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ืžืŸ, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžืจื—ื•ืง. ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืœืง. ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืžื™ืžืŸ ื™ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื“ืœื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ืคื—ืžื ื™ (ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”), ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื“ืœืง ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืจืคื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืชืงื–ื– ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื•ื–ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ื”.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืžืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืœืง ืคื—ืžื ื™ ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื "ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”" ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื•ื‘ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืช ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ื ืคื˜, ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืคื—ื ืžืชื“ืœื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื“ืื’ื”. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืขืงื‘ ืฉืจืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ืคื—ืžื ื™. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืจ, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื "ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”" ืžืฉืงืฃ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช "ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”" ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ (ื•ืจืื• "ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช"). ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื”, ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื.

ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™-ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกืงืจื ื• ื›ืืŸ), ืจืชื™ืžืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืง, ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืžืขื˜ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขืงื™ืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ืคื˜ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืขื ืง, ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช: ืืš ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœื ื•, ื’ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืจืชื” ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื• ื”ื ืขื”) ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงืกื โ€” ื”ื ืืžื ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ืฉื ืคืœื˜ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.

ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฆืžืฆื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•"ืœื—ืกื•ืš" ื‘ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš. ืืš ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืขืœืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื ื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช.

ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื

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